development trend
First, move toward unity
In addition to the several open e-wallet standards described above, regional e-wallet standards are used within some countries. These regional e-wallet standards are mostly variants of the three open e-wallet standards mentioned above. From the perspective of technology and transaction processing, the world is now gradually forming two camps: one is based on the Master/Mondex standard of the MULTIOS operating system, and the other is the public electronic wallet specification CEPS led by Visa. Through the CEPS, Visa has made great progress in the direction of the e-wallet. Since the release of the CEPS specification in March 1999, more than 200 financial organizations have signed licensing agreements from more than 30 countries, representing a circulation of more than 100 million e-wallet cards. This also means that 90% of the world's e-wallets will eventually be mutually versatile, including the 70 million GeldKarte e-wallet cards in Germany and 40 million Proton-based e-wallet cards. The first e-wallet based on the CEPS specification is expected to be first used in Europe in 2001.
Interoperability is now gaining more and more attention in e-wallet projects. The Netherlands is the first country in the world to use e-wallets on a large scale. It already has two electronic wallet systems, Chipper and Chipknip, which are both successful. But these two e-wallets are not universal with each other, which not only causes repeated investment for banks, but also brings confusion to merchants and consumers. The banks that issued the two e-wallets reached an agreement in the second quarter of 1999, which will upgrade all 170,000 EFTPOS nationwide within one year. Both e-wallets can be used on any EFTPOS in the Netherlands. In the future, the CEPS e-wallet will be promoted on the basis of continuing to retain the two local e-wallets.
Second, one card multi-purpose / multi-function card
Now, there are a lot of cards in our wallet, there are credit cards issued by banks, shopping malls with loyalty points cards, telephone cards, discounted hotel discount cards, airline mileage accumulating cards, and access to the company's gates. The access card, the medical card used to go to the hospital for medical treatment, the illegal fine card used when driving illegally, the fuel card used at the gas station, and so on.
Some of the cards listed above are even more than one, and new cards are constantly appearing. Are we accepting or not accepting them? They all say that they can bring convenience to our lives. Some even say that they can save money for us. They are really telling the truth, but there are too many cards in our wallet. Are really so many cards necessary? Can't their functions be unified on a single card? In fact, the answer is yes. The issuer of each card publishes the card after analyzing the market demand. It can be said that each card has its own special function. But now advances in technology have made it possible for a card to contain multiple functions. The same is true for the Wallet Card.
Smart cards can be divided into two categories according to their functions: one is as a payment medium with payment function, and the other is a personal information carrier to improve work efficiency. The former includes various credit cards, debit cards, electronic wallet cards, pay phone cards, electronic ticket cards, etc., and the latter includes various medical cards, employee cards, campus cards, identity cards, discount points cards, and the like. In different regions, depending on the specific situation in the local area, you can consider combining the e-wallet application with other types of smart card applications to promote the issuance of multi-application cards to consumers. (There are currently three multi-application smart card platform technologies competing with each other. Please refer to the first issue of this issue, "Multi-application smart card operating system overview.") For example, providing credit/debit function and e-wallet on one card at the same time. Function; or integrate the e-wallet function into the campus card, students can not only use this card to borrow books, but also use it to eat at a restaurant, or shop at a mall on campus, or to pay for the entertainment in the school.
Third, combined with the electronic ticket application
Now there is a consensus not only in Europe, but also in the world. The combination of bus electronic ticket function and electronic wallet is the most promising direction of electronic wallet. Interpay, the Dutch banking organization, plans to add public transport electronic ticket functions to Chipknip in the future. France is the origin of smart cards, but e-wallets have not been used in France. Now France is experimenting with e-wallets, one of which is the Modeus e-wallet project that combines e-wallets with bus e-tickets. For an e-wallet trial conducted in France, this article will be described in more detail later. In addition, the world's most successful public transportation electronic toll collection project - Hong Kong's Octopus card is gradually developing into areas other than transportation, which proves the feasibility of smart card development with electronic ticket as the core application to the electronic wallet. Hong Kong's Octopus card will also be described in detail below.
4. Local regional e-wallets have strong vitality and competitiveness.
Although international organizations such as Visa and MasterCard are promoting their open e-wallet standards, such as CEPS and Mondex, in some countries or regions, e-wallet projects initiated by local authorities or alliances of several authoritative organizations, even performance Out of the more powerful competitiveness than the open e-wallet. In December last year, 11 large companies in Japan, including three banks and two major mobile communication operators, jointly announced that they would implement the Edy e-wallet card throughout Japan. This is a huge pressure for any organization that wants to implement an open e-wallet standard in Japan.
The open e-wallet is developed by international financial institutions. Therefore, it is undoubtedly technologically advanced. However, in so many countries in the world, each country has its own characteristics and has its own special needs. The e-wallet may not meet these special requirements. Here is a look at the ValuCard e-wallet in Nigeria. According to common sense, e-wallets are designed for small daily consumption. Almost all e-wallets will design a maximum amount that can be deposited. The maximum amount is generally not too large, such as a few hundred dollars. This aspect is based on security considerations. On the other hand, it is considered that even if it is lost, the damage caused to the cardholder will not be too large. But the maximum amount that Nignia's ValuCard e-wallet can deposit is up to 16 million naira (equivalent to $160,000). Considering the economic situation in Nigeria, it is not difficult to understand that the economy of Nigeria is almost entirely based on cash. It does not actually have any payment system that can support checks, credits/debit cards, and low. Quality, unstable energy and communication infrastructure also make it almost impossible to build traditional online electronic payment systems.
Hong Kong has always been a hotbed of new technology trials, as well as e-wallets. Hong Kong is an important market for Mondex and Visa Cash in Asia, but now Mondex and Visa Cash are experiencing strong competition from local electronic ticket Octopus cards in Hong Kong. The Octopus card is currently the most successful smart card traffic application in the world. It is operated by Creative Star, which was established by several major transportation operators. The goal is to use smart cards for automatic charging of public buses, subways, light rails and ferries. There are currently 70 million Octopus cards in use, with about 6 million transactions per day and a daily transaction volume of $5 million. But today's Octopus card is more than just an electronic ticket card. Last year, Creative Star was licensed by the Hong Kong financial authority to use Octopus cards for non-traffic payments. Now there are 40 service providers based on Octopus cards. Many people can use the Octopus card to consume at the 7-11 convenience store. They can use it to make public telephones. They can use it to buy cola at the beverage store. They can use it to pay for parking. Even some schools and shops accept Octopus cards. Students can use it to eat or buy school supplies.
In fact, from a logical point of view, regional e-wallets have a strong vitality and competitiveness is also understandable. The purpose of e-wallets is to make small but frequent consumption, while small but frequent consumption is often happening in people's daily lives and work, like commuting to and from work every day, buying work meals at fast food restaurants, in supermarkets. Buying daily necessities, making public telephone calls, etc., people’s daily lives actually involve a small circle. Ordinary citizens do not often travel abroad or travel to other places. Therefore, some people have suggested that two types of electronic wallets should be designed. This is designed for local consumption and the other is for consumer use abroad. From this point of view, it also has obvious benefits for promoting the open e-wallet standard more widely. .
V. Development in the field of remote payment
E-wallets are now mostly used in face-to-face trading situations, such as in merchants or on buses. However, with the development of the new economy represented by the Internet, more and more people regard remote payment as an important development direction of the future of electronic wallets. Indeed, providing remote services has become the most dynamic direction now, but online instant payment has become a bottleneck limiting its development. The remote payment application mentioned here includes not only Internet-based online payment, but also two-way video on demand, mobile e-commerce, etc., any specific like gaming, online games, distance education, telemedicine, remote consultation, online shopping, remote payment. Wait, it will become very easy in the future. Not only international financial organizations such as Visa and MasterCard, banks, telecommunications companies, and some giant multinational companies in many countries are very concerned about the market of e-wallets in the field of remote payment. Some have already conducted relevant pilot projects for this market.
French e-wallet program
The French are pioneers in applying smart cards to bank cards, but they are less active in applying e-wallets. One reason is that French bankers believe that France's financial network is very developed, and any bank's credit/debit card can be easily used on ATM machines all over the country or on merchants' POS machines, which can fully satisfy consumption. The need to develop an electronic wallet is not necessary. But now the situation has changed. In 1999, France launched three different e-wallet test projects: Modeus, Moneo and Mondex. SFPMEI, a subsidiary of the French CB Bank Card Organization, is responsible for the pilot project of the French e-wallet. The long-term goal of SF-PMEI is to achieve the unification of these three e-wallets in the future. France is an active supporter of CEPS, so the final French e-wallet will be CEPS compatible.
First, Modeus
Modeus is a dual-interface card that integrates e-wallets, bus tickets and other applications on a single card. It is run by four French financial organizations and two transportation agencies. Modeus's non-contact electronic ticket will be used for subways, light rails and public buses, while the contact wallet will be available in shops or public kiosks near the station. Modeus can also be used for highways, parking lots and municipalities. Charges for the facility. Modeus will be integrated with the single-function, non-contact electronic ticket system in Paris. The e-wallet combined with the electronic ticket function may be the most promising development direction of the e-wallet.
Second, Moneo
Moneo is an e-wallet card for pure banking applications that combines the GeldKarte e-wallet with a CB bank card that is already widely used in France. The GeldKarte e-wallet was developed by the German banking organization ZKA. Currently, 50 million Geld-Karte cards have been issued in Germany. The GeldKarte card combines the debit card function with the e-wallet function, but its e-wallet function has not been widely used.
Third, Mondex
Credit Mutuel Bank of France took the lead in signing an agreement with Mondex International in 1998 to develop the Mondex e-wallet in France. Credit Mutuel Bank will also be the first bank to launch Mondex electronic cash, which is dominated by the euro. Credit Mutuel Bank has nearly 5,000 branches in France and 12 million users. It is the largest acquiring bank and the second largest issuing bank in France. It plans to eventually distribute tens of millions of Mondex e-wallets in France. Credit Mutuel's Mondex e-wallet can be used in traditional retail stores, and Credit Mutuel also plans to offer Mondex's online cash-based online service.
France is the birthplace of smart cards, and French bankers first introduced smart cards into the financial sector. Now e-wallets have attracted the attention of French bankers. They have developed a careful e-wallet development plan and conducted a wide range of tests at different levels. We have reason to hope for success in the French e-wallet.
to sum up
As an important smart card application, e-wallet has never taken off. Many people in the industry are now skeptical about the future of e-wallets, especially the failure of several e-wallet projects in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada that have attracted much attention from the industry. Indeed, the success of an e-wallet project depends on the number of its users and the frequency with which it is actually used. Like any smart card project, the initial investment is often huge, and the target market for e-wallet is small consumption. If there are not enough cardholders and enough trading volume, it is impossible to recover the initial investment. But the facts also prove that a successful e-wallet project is achievable. Hong Kong's Octopus card is the best example.
The "China Financial IC IC Card Specification" promulgated by the People's Bank of China in 1998 specifies the implementation process of the electronic passbook/e-wallet application. It is the Chinese version of the e-wallet standard. According to this standard, China's major state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock banks have participated in pilot projects in Shanghai, Beijing, and Changsha from 1999 to 2000, and successfully realized the use of e-wallets across the board. Now, the influence of China's Financial Integrated Circuit (IC) Card Specification has gradually expanded. Some non-financial institutions in China have also developed smart card applications in the industry. For example, Sinopec Corp. issued by Sinopec Corp. in June 2000. The Application Specification for Refueling Integrated Circuit (IC) Cards specifies the process of refueling with electronic fuel tickets. The electronic fuel ticket here is actually an electronic cash stored in a smart e-wallet card, but only for fueling transactions. The specificity of consumption and post-payment has proposed corresponding solutions.
Nowadays, many cities in China have built or are building an electronic fare system for automatic toll collection, including not only large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Nanjing, but also some small cities. The successful smart card electronic ticket system can not only facilitate the public. Traveling, establishing a civilized city image, can also reduce maintenance costs, cash flow processing costs, operators can also get a considerable amount of deposited funds. With the development of these electronic ticket systems, China's e-wallet market will find a more precise entry point.
Of course, all these good wishes depend on the system designers to fully consider the flexibility and scalability of the system at the beginning of the project, and of course rely on the Chinese industry to develop the future technology and market. Accurately grasping China's gradual progress toward the WTO today, considering both the compatibility with the world's mainstream technology, and considering China's own national conditions, we will practically design a convenient and functional e-wallet for the common people.
First, move toward unity
In addition to the several open e-wallet standards described above, regional e-wallet standards are used within some countries. These regional e-wallet standards are mostly variants of the three open e-wallet standards mentioned above. From the perspective of technology and transaction processing, the world is now gradually forming two camps: one is based on the Master/Mondex standard of the MULTIOS operating system, and the other is the public electronic wallet specification CEPS led by Visa. Through the CEPS, Visa has made great progress in the direction of the e-wallet. Since the release of the CEPS specification in March 1999, more than 200 financial organizations have signed licensing agreements from more than 30 countries, representing a circulation of more than 100 million e-wallet cards. This also means that 90% of the world's e-wallets will eventually be mutually versatile, including the 70 million GeldKarte e-wallet cards in Germany and 40 million Proton-based e-wallet cards. The first e-wallet based on the CEPS specification is expected to be first used in Europe in 2001.
Interoperability is now gaining more and more attention in e-wallet projects. The Netherlands is the first country in the world to use e-wallets on a large scale. It already has two electronic wallet systems, Chipper and Chipknip, which are both successful. But these two e-wallets are not universal with each other, which not only causes repeated investment for banks, but also brings confusion to merchants and consumers. The banks that issued the two e-wallets reached an agreement in the second quarter of 1999, which will upgrade all 170,000 EFTPOS nationwide within one year. Both e-wallets can be used on any EFTPOS in the Netherlands. In the future, the CEPS e-wallet will be promoted on the basis of continuing to retain the two local e-wallets.
Second, one card multi-purpose / multi-function card
Now, there are a lot of cards in our wallet, there are credit cards issued by banks, shopping malls with loyalty points cards, telephone cards, discounted hotel discount cards, airline mileage accumulating cards, and access to the company's gates. The access card, the medical card used to go to the hospital for medical treatment, the illegal fine card used when driving illegally, the fuel card used at the gas station, and so on.
Some of the cards listed above are even more than one, and new cards are constantly appearing. Are we accepting or not accepting them? They all say that they can bring convenience to our lives. Some even say that they can save money for us. They are really telling the truth, but there are too many cards in our wallet. Are really so many cards necessary? Can't their functions be unified on a single card? In fact, the answer is yes. The issuer of each card publishes the card after analyzing the market demand. It can be said that each card has its own special function. But now advances in technology have made it possible for a card to contain multiple functions. The same is true for the Wallet Card.
Smart cards can be divided into two categories according to their functions: one is as a payment medium with payment function, and the other is a personal information carrier to improve work efficiency. The former includes various credit cards, debit cards, electronic wallet cards, pay phone cards, electronic ticket cards, etc., and the latter includes various medical cards, employee cards, campus cards, identity cards, discount points cards, and the like. In different regions, depending on the specific situation in the local area, you can consider combining the e-wallet application with other types of smart card applications to promote the issuance of multi-application cards to consumers. (There are currently three multi-application smart card platform technologies competing with each other. Please refer to the first issue of this issue, "Multi-application smart card operating system overview.") For example, providing credit/debit function and e-wallet on one card at the same time. Function; or integrate the e-wallet function into the campus card, students can not only use this card to borrow books, but also use it to eat at a restaurant, or shop at a mall on campus, or to pay for the entertainment in the school.
Third, combined with the electronic ticket application
Now there is a consensus not only in Europe, but also in the world. The combination of bus electronic ticket function and electronic wallet is the most promising direction of electronic wallet. Interpay, the Dutch banking organization, plans to add public transport electronic ticket functions to Chipknip in the future. France is the origin of smart cards, but e-wallets have not been used in France. Now France is experimenting with e-wallets, one of which is the Modeus e-wallet project that combines e-wallets with bus e-tickets. For an e-wallet trial conducted in France, this article will be described in more detail later. In addition, the world's most successful public transportation electronic toll collection project - Hong Kong's Octopus card is gradually developing into areas other than transportation, which proves the feasibility of smart card development with electronic ticket as the core application to the electronic wallet. Hong Kong's Octopus card will also be described in detail below.
4. Local regional e-wallets have strong vitality and competitiveness.
Although international organizations such as Visa and MasterCard are promoting their open e-wallet standards, such as CEPS and Mondex, in some countries or regions, e-wallet projects initiated by local authorities or alliances of several authoritative organizations, even performance Out of the more powerful competitiveness than the open e-wallet. In December last year, 11 large companies in Japan, including three banks and two major mobile communication operators, jointly announced that they would implement the Edy e-wallet card throughout Japan. This is a huge pressure for any organization that wants to implement an open e-wallet standard in Japan.
The open e-wallet is developed by international financial institutions. Therefore, it is undoubtedly technologically advanced. However, in so many countries in the world, each country has its own characteristics and has its own special needs. The e-wallet may not meet these special requirements. Here is a look at the ValuCard e-wallet in Nigeria. According to common sense, e-wallets are designed for small daily consumption. Almost all e-wallets will design a maximum amount that can be deposited. The maximum amount is generally not too large, such as a few hundred dollars. This aspect is based on security considerations. On the other hand, it is considered that even if it is lost, the damage caused to the cardholder will not be too large. But the maximum amount that Nignia's ValuCard e-wallet can deposit is up to 16 million naira (equivalent to $160,000). Considering the economic situation in Nigeria, it is not difficult to understand that the economy of Nigeria is almost entirely based on cash. It does not actually have any payment system that can support checks, credits/debit cards, and low. Quality, unstable energy and communication infrastructure also make it almost impossible to build traditional online electronic payment systems.
Hong Kong has always been a hotbed of new technology trials, as well as e-wallets. Hong Kong is an important market for Mondex and Visa Cash in Asia, but now Mondex and Visa Cash are experiencing strong competition from local electronic ticket Octopus cards in Hong Kong. The Octopus card is currently the most successful smart card traffic application in the world. It is operated by Creative Star, which was established by several major transportation operators. The goal is to use smart cards for automatic charging of public buses, subways, light rails and ferries. There are currently 70 million Octopus cards in use, with about 6 million transactions per day and a daily transaction volume of $5 million. But today's Octopus card is more than just an electronic ticket card. Last year, Creative Star was licensed by the Hong Kong financial authority to use Octopus cards for non-traffic payments. Now there are 40 service providers based on Octopus cards. Many people can use the Octopus card to consume at the 7-11 convenience store. They can use it to make public telephones. They can use it to buy cola at the beverage store. They can use it to pay for parking. Even some schools and shops accept Octopus cards. Students can use it to eat or buy school supplies.
In fact, from a logical point of view, regional e-wallets have a strong vitality and competitiveness is also understandable. The purpose of e-wallets is to make small but frequent consumption, while small but frequent consumption is often happening in people's daily lives and work, like commuting to and from work every day, buying work meals at fast food restaurants, in supermarkets. Buying daily necessities, making public telephone calls, etc., people’s daily lives actually involve a small circle. Ordinary citizens do not often travel abroad or travel to other places. Therefore, some people have suggested that two types of electronic wallets should be designed. This is designed for local consumption and the other is for consumer use abroad. From this point of view, it also has obvious benefits for promoting the open e-wallet standard more widely. .
V. Development in the field of remote payment
E-wallets are now mostly used in face-to-face trading situations, such as in merchants or on buses. However, with the development of the new economy represented by the Internet, more and more people regard remote payment as an important development direction of the future of electronic wallets. Indeed, providing remote services has become the most dynamic direction now, but online instant payment has become a bottleneck limiting its development. The remote payment application mentioned here includes not only Internet-based online payment, but also two-way video on demand, mobile e-commerce, etc., any specific like gaming, online games, distance education, telemedicine, remote consultation, online shopping, remote payment. Wait, it will become very easy in the future. Not only international financial organizations such as Visa and MasterCard, banks, telecommunications companies, and some giant multinational companies in many countries are very concerned about the market of e-wallets in the field of remote payment. Some have already conducted relevant pilot projects for this market.
French e-wallet program
The French are pioneers in applying smart cards to bank cards, but they are less active in applying e-wallets. One reason is that French bankers believe that France's financial network is very developed, and any bank's credit/debit card can be easily used on ATM machines all over the country or on merchants' POS machines, which can fully satisfy consumption. The need to develop an electronic wallet is not necessary. But now the situation has changed. In 1999, France launched three different e-wallet test projects: Modeus, Moneo and Mondex. SFPMEI, a subsidiary of the French CB Bank Card Organization, is responsible for the pilot project of the French e-wallet. The long-term goal of SF-PMEI is to achieve the unification of these three e-wallets in the future. France is an active supporter of CEPS, so the final French e-wallet will be CEPS compatible.
First, Modeus
Modeus is a dual-interface card that integrates e-wallets, bus tickets and other applications on a single card. It is run by four French financial organizations and two transportation agencies. Modeus's non-contact electronic ticket will be used for subways, light rails and public buses, while the contact wallet will be available in shops or public kiosks near the station. Modeus can also be used for highways, parking lots and municipalities. Charges for the facility. Modeus will be integrated with the single-function, non-contact electronic ticket system in Paris. The e-wallet combined with the electronic ticket function may be the most promising development direction of the e-wallet.
Second, Moneo
Moneo is an e-wallet card for pure banking applications that combines the GeldKarte e-wallet with a CB bank card that is already widely used in France. The GeldKarte e-wallet was developed by the German banking organization ZKA. Currently, 50 million Geld-Karte cards have been issued in Germany. The GeldKarte card combines the debit card function with the e-wallet function, but its e-wallet function has not been widely used.
Third, Mondex
Credit Mutuel Bank of France took the lead in signing an agreement with Mondex International in 1998 to develop the Mondex e-wallet in France. Credit Mutuel Bank will also be the first bank to launch Mondex electronic cash, which is dominated by the euro. Credit Mutuel Bank has nearly 5,000 branches in France and 12 million users. It is the largest acquiring bank and the second largest issuing bank in France. It plans to eventually distribute tens of millions of Mondex e-wallets in France. Credit Mutuel's Mondex e-wallet can be used in traditional retail stores, and Credit Mutuel also plans to offer Mondex's online cash-based online service.
France is the birthplace of smart cards, and French bankers first introduced smart cards into the financial sector. Now e-wallets have attracted the attention of French bankers. They have developed a careful e-wallet development plan and conducted a wide range of tests at different levels. We have reason to hope for success in the French e-wallet.
to sum up
As an important smart card application, e-wallet has never taken off. Many people in the industry are now skeptical about the future of e-wallets, especially the failure of several e-wallet projects in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada that have attracted much attention from the industry. Indeed, the success of an e-wallet project depends on the number of its users and the frequency with which it is actually used. Like any smart card project, the initial investment is often huge, and the target market for e-wallet is small consumption. If there are not enough cardholders and enough trading volume, it is impossible to recover the initial investment. But the facts also prove that a successful e-wallet project is achievable. Hong Kong's Octopus card is the best example.
The "China Financial IC IC Card Specification" promulgated by the People's Bank of China in 1998 specifies the implementation process of the electronic passbook/e-wallet application. It is the Chinese version of the e-wallet standard. According to this standard, China's major state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock banks have participated in pilot projects in Shanghai, Beijing, and Changsha from 1999 to 2000, and successfully realized the use of e-wallets across the board. Now, the influence of China's Financial Integrated Circuit (IC) Card Specification has gradually expanded. Some non-financial institutions in China have also developed smart card applications in the industry. For example, Sinopec Corp. issued by Sinopec Corp. in June 2000. The Application Specification for Refueling Integrated Circuit (IC) Cards specifies the process of refueling with electronic fuel tickets. The electronic fuel ticket here is actually an electronic cash stored in a smart e-wallet card, but only for fueling transactions. The specificity of consumption and post-payment has proposed corresponding solutions.
Nowadays, many cities in China have built or are building an electronic fare system for automatic toll collection, including not only large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Nanjing, but also some small cities. The successful smart card electronic ticket system can not only facilitate the public. Traveling, establishing a civilized city image, can also reduce maintenance costs, cash flow processing costs, operators can also get a considerable amount of deposited funds. With the development of these electronic ticket systems, China's e-wallet market will find a more precise entry point.
Of course, all these good wishes depend on the system designers to fully consider the flexibility and scalability of the system at the beginning of the project, and of course rely on the Chinese industry to develop the future technology and market. Accurately grasping China's gradual progress toward the WTO today, considering both the compatibility with the world's mainstream technology, and considering China's own national conditions, we will practically design a convenient and functional e-wallet for the common people.
Facial mask, a category of Skin Care products, is a carrier of beauty maintenance products, applied on the face for beauty functions such as hydration, moisturizing, whitening, anti-aging, balance oil and so on.
The principle of the mask is to use the short time covered in the face to temporarily isolate the outside air and pollution, improve the skin temperature, expand the pores of the skin, promote the secretion of sweat glands and metabolism, increase the oxygen content of the skin, and help the skin eliminate the products of the metabolism of epidermal cells and accumulated oil substances. The water in the mask penetrates into the cuticle of the epidermis. Skin becomes soft, skin naturally bright and elastic.
The form of facial mask is mainly mud paste type, tear type, jelly type, wet paper towel type four. Mud paste masks are common seaweed mask, mud mask and so on.Usually the woven mask can be applied for 10 to 15 minutes, the specific application time can be determined according to the instructions on the mask. It should be noted that the mask is not the longer the effect is better, if you find the mask instructions stipulated in the time, but the mask is still very wet, there is no need to continue to apply, because the effective ingredients in the mask have been fully absorbed by your skin, and then apply will not increase the effect.
Facial Mask,Face Sheet Mask,Collagen Facial Mask
DONGGUAN VOLES COMMODITY CO., LTD , https://www.volesvip.com